Abell, D. H., S. S. Wasti and G. C. Hartmann. 1982. Saprophagous arthropod fauna associated with turtle carrion. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 17:301-307.
Anderson, R. S. and S. B. Peck. 1985. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 13: The Carrion Beetles of Canada and Alaska: Coleoptera: Silphidae and Agyrtidae. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa. Pub. 1778.
Anderson, R. S. 1982. Resource partitioning in the carrion beetle (Coleoptera:Silphidae) fauna of southern Ontario: ecological and evolutionary considerations. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60:1314-1325.
Andersson, G., W. Granäli and J. Stenson. 1988. The influence of animals on phosphorus cycling in lake ecosystems. Hydrobiologia, 170:267-284.
Anonymous. 1990. Third annual meeting of research and monitoring on Yellowstone's Northern Range. Published by: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Wyoming.
Baltanás, A. 1992. On the use of some methods for the estimation of species richness. Oikos, 65:484-492.
Barbee, R. D. and J. D. Varley. 1985. The paradox of repeating error: Yellowstone National Park from 1872 to biosphere reserve and beyond. IN: Peine, J. D. (ed.) Proceedings of the conference on the management of biosphere reserves. 1984. Great Smokey National Park. USDI NPS, Uplands Field Research Laboratory, Gatlinburg, TN.
Begon, M., J. L. Harper and C. R. Townsend. 1986. Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland , Massachusetts, xii + 876 pp.
Biernbaum, C. K. and E. L. Wenner. 1993. Trapping of necrophagous crustaceans on the upper continental slope off South Carolina, USA. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 13:601-608. (seen abstract only)
Bishop, N. A. 1993. Yellowstone National Park - a United States Biosphere Reserve and a World Heritage Site. unpublished Yellowstone National Park review # YELL-565. (L66(023))
Bornemissza, G. F. 1957. An analysis of arthropod succession in carrion and the effects of its decomposition on the soil fauna. Australian Journal of Zoology, 5:1-12.
Box, G. E. P., W. G. Hunter, J. S. Hunter. 1978. Statistics for Experimenters: An introduction to Design, Data Analysis and Model Building. John Wiley & Sons, xvii + 653 pp.
Braack, L. E. O. 1981. Visitation patterns of principal species of the insect-complex at carcasses in the Kruger national Park. Koedoe, 24:33-49.
Braack, L. E. O. 1986. Arthropods associated with carcasses in the northern Kruger National Park. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 16:91-98.
Braack, L. E. O. 1987. Community dynamics of carrion-attendant arthropods in tropical african woodland. Oecologia, 72:402-409.
Brabrand, é., B. A. Faafeng and J. P. M. Nilssen. 1990. Relative importance of phosphorus supply to phytoplankton production: Fish excretion versus external loading. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 47:364-372.
Briggs, J. C. 1994. Species diversity: Land and sea compared. Systematic Biology. 43:130-135.
Campbell, J. M. 1973. A revision of the genus Tachinus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of North and Central America. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, No. 90.
Carlisle, A., A. H. F. Brown and E. J. White. 1966. Litter fall, leaf production and the effects of defoliation by Tortrix viridana in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea) woodland. Journal of Ecology, 54:65-85.
Cederholm, C. J. and N. P. Peterson. 1985. The retention of Coho salmmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) carcasses by organic debris in small streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42:1222-1225.
Cederholm, C. J., D. B. Houston, D. L. Cole and W. J. Scarlett. 1989. Fate of coho salmon (Oncorhyncus kisutch) carcasses in spawning streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 46:1347-1355.
Coe, M. 1978. The decomposition of elephant carcases in the Tsavo (East) National Park, Kenya. Journal of Arid Environments, 1:71-86.
Connor, E. F. and D. Simberloff. 1979. You can't falsify ecological hypotheses without data. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 60:154-155. (seen reference only)
Connor, E. F. and D. Simberloff. 1986. Competition, scientific method, and null models in ecology. American Scientist, 74:155-162.
Coppock, D. L., J. E. Ellis, J. K. Detling and M. I. Dyer. 1983. Plant-herbivore interactions in a North American mixed-grass prairie. II. Response of bison to modification of vegetation by prairie dogs. Oecologia, 56:10-15.
Cornaby, B. W. 1974. Carrion reduction by animals in contrasting tropical habitats. Biotropica, 6:51-63.
Craighead, K. 1978. Large mammals of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. Karen Craighead, 30pp. (seen reference only)
Curry-Lindahl, K. 1961. Contribution Ö l'Çtude des vertÇbrÇs terrestres an Afrique Tropicale. Exploration du Parc National Albert. Institute des Parcs Nationaux du Congo et Ruanda Urundi, 1:1-331. (seen reference only).
Daubenmire, R. 1978. Plant Geography. Academic Press, New York. (seen reference only).
De La Cruz, A. A. 1964. A preliminary study of organic detritus in a tropical forest ecosystem. Revista Biol. trop. 12:175-185.
Denno, R. F. and W. R. Cothran. 1976. Niche relationships of a guild of necrophagous flies. Annals of the Entomological Society of america, 68:741-754.
Despain, D. G. 1990. Yellowstone Vegetation: Consequences of Environment and History in a Natural Setting. Roberts Rinehart Publishers, Boulder, Santa Barbara, West Cork. xiii + 239 pp.
Dirks, R. A. and B. E. Martner. 1982. The climate of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. U.S. Department of the Interior / National Park Service Occassional Paper No. 6.
Doube, B. M. 1987. Spatial and temporal organization in communities associated with dung pads and carcasses. pp.255-280 IN J. H. R. Gee and P. S. Giller (eds.). Organization of Communities: The 27th symposium of the British Ecological Society, Aberstwyth 1986. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Boston, Palo Alto, Melbourne. xii + 576 pp.
Drew, G. S. 1994. The scientific method revisited. Conservation Biology, 8:596-597.
Edwards, R. L. 1993. Can the species richness of spiders be determined? Psyche. 100:185-208.
Erwin, T. L. 1982. Tropical forests: their richness in Coloeptera and other arthropod species. Coleopterists Bulletin, 36:74-75.
Feigley, P. 1993. The Greater Yellowstone Conservation Data Center. Yellowstone Science, 1:11-12.
Glick, D., M. Carr and B. Harting (eds.). 1991. An Environmental Profile of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. The Greater Yellowstone Coalition, 132 pp.
Ginseberg, H. S. (ed.). 1993. Invertebrate monitoring in the National Park System. National Park Services Technical Report. NPS/NARURI/NRTR-93/02.
Ginseberg, H. S. 1994. Conservation of invertebrates in U.S. National Parks. American Entomologist, 40:76-78.
Golley, F. B. and J. B. Gentry. 1964. Bioenergetics of the southern harvester ant Pogonomyrmex badius. Ecology, 45:217-255.
Green, R. H. 1979. Sampling Design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists. John Wiley & Sons, New York, xi + 257 pp.
Greenslade, P. J. M. 1964. Pitfall trapping as a method of studying populations of Carabidae (Coleoptera). Journal of Animal Ecology, 33:301-310.
Hanski, I. and H. Koskela. 1977. Niche relations among dung-inhabiting beetles. Oecologia, 28:203-231.
Hanski, I. and P. Hammond. 1986. Assemblages of carrion and dung Staphylinidae in tropical rain forests in Sarawak, Borneo. Annales Entomologici Fennici, 52:1-19.
Hanski, I. and Y. Cambefort (eds). 1991. Dung Beetle Ecology. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. xiii + 481 pp.
Heal, O. W. and S. F. MacLean. 1975. Comparative productivity in ecosystems-secondary productivity. IN: Unifying Concepts in Ecology. (W. H. van Dobben and R. H. Lowes-McConnell, eds.) Junk, The Hague, 89-108 pp.
Hegazi, E. M., M. A. Shaaban and E. Sabry. 1991. Carrion insects of the Egyptian western desert. Journal of Medical Entomology, 28:734-739.
Heltshe, J. F. and N. E. Forrester. 1983. Estimating species richness using the jackknife procedure. Biometrics, 39:1-11.
Hoebeke, E. R. 1985. A revision of the rove beetle tribe Falagriini of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 93:913-1018.
Hölldolber, B. and E. O. Wilson. 1990. The Ants. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. xii + 732 pp.
Horn, H. S. 1966. Measurement of "overlap" in comparative ecological studies. The American Naturalist, 100:419-424.
Houston, D. B. 1978. Elk as winter-spring food for carnivores in northern Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Applied Ecology, 15:653-661.
Houston, D. B. 1982. The Northern Yellowstone Elk: Ecology and Management. Macmillian Publishing Co., Inc., New York.
Houston, D. C. 1979. The adaptations of scavengers. pp.263-286 IN A. R. E. Sinclair and M. Norton-Griffiths, (eds.). Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. (seen reference only)
Howden, A. T. 1950. The succession of beetles on carrion. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, University of North Carolina. (seen reference only)
Howden, H. F. 1966. Some possible effects of the Pleistocene on the distributions of North American Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera). Canadian Entomologist, 98:1111-1190.
Hughes, R. G. 1986. Theories and models of species abundance. American Naturalist, 128:879-899.
Hurlbert, S. H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs, 54:187-211.
Ives, A. R. 1991. Aggregation and coexistence in a carrion fly community. Ecological Monographs, 61:75-94.
Janzen, D. H. 1967. Why mountain passes are higher in the tropics. American Naturalist, 101:233-249.
Janzen, D. H. (ed.) 1983. Insects, Introduction. IN: Costa Rican Natural History. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London. xi + 816 pp.
Janzen D. H. 1986. Chihuahuan desert nopaleras: Defaunated big mammal vegetation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17:595-636.
Janzen, D. H. 1991. How to save tropical biodiversity. American Entomologist, 37:159-171.
Janzen, D. H. and P. S. Martin. 1982. Neotropical anachronisms: The fruits the Gomphotheres ate. Science, 215:19-27.
Jirón, L. F. and V. M. Cartín. 1981. Insect succession in the decomposition of a mammal in Costa Rica. New York Entomological Society, 89:158-165.
Johnson, M. D. 1975. Seasonal and microseral variations in the insect populations on carrion. The American Midland Naturalist, 93:79-90.
Johnston, W. and G. Villeneuve. 1897. On the medico-legal applications of entomology. Montreal Medical Journal, 26:81-90 (seen reference only)
Jones, J. K. Jr., D. M. Armstrong, J. R. Choate. 1985. Guide to Mammals of the Plains States. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. xix + 371 pp.
Katakura, H. and H. Fukuda. 1975. Faunal makeup of ground and carrion beetles in Komiotoineppu, Hokkaido University Nagagawa Experimental Forest, northern Japan, with some notes on related problems. Hokkaido Daigaku Nogakubu Enshurin Kenkyu Hokoku. 32:75-92. (seen reference only).
Kissinger, D. G. 1964. Curculionidae of America north of Mexico: A Key to the Genera. Taxonomic Publications, South Lancaster, Massachusetts, iii + 143 pp.
Kitchell, J. F., R. V. O'Neill, D. Webb, G. W. Gallepp, S.M. Bartell, J. F. Koonce and B. S. Ausmus. 1979. Consumer regulation of nutrient cycling. BioScience, 29:28-34.
Klein, B. C. 1989. Effects of forest fragmentation on dung and carrion beetle communities in central Amazonia. Ecology, 70:1715-1725.
Klimaszewski, J. 1984. A revision of the genus Aleochara Gravenhorst of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Memoires of the Entomological Society of Canada, No. 129.
Klopfer, P. H. 1959. Environmental determinants of faunal diversity. American Naturalist, 93:337-342.
Klopfer, P. H. and R. H. Mac Arthur. 1960. Niche size and faunal diversity. American Naturalist, 94:293-300.
Kneidel, K. A. 1984. Influence of carcass taxon and size on species composition of carrion-breeding Diptera. The American Midland Naturalist, 111:57-63.
Kuusela, S. and I. Hanksi. 1982. The structure of carrion fly communities: the size and the type of carrion. Holarctic Ecology, 5:337-348.
Lawrence, J. F. and E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (Beetles), IN The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers, 2nd. ed., Vol. II. Melbourne University Press and Cornell University Press, 543-1137 pp.
Lawrence, J. F. and E. B. Britton. 1994. Australian Beetles. Melbourne University Press, x + 192 pp.
Lindroth, C. H. 1961. The Ground-Beetles (Carabidae, excl. Cicindelinae) of Canada and Alaska. Opuscula Entomologica Supplementum. Part 2.
Lindroth, C. H. 1963. The Ground-Beetles (Carabidae, excl. Cicindelinae) of Canada and Alaska. Opuscula Entomologica Supplementum. Part 3.
Lindroth, C. H. 1966. The Ground-Beetles (Carabidae, excl. Cicindelinae) of Canada and Alaska. Opuscula Entomologica Supplementum. Part 4.
Lindroth, C. H. 1969. The Ground-Beetles (Carabidae, excl. Cicindelinae) of Canada and Alaska. Opuscula Entomologica Supplementum. Part 6.
Loehle, C. 1987. Hypothesis testing in ecology: Psychological aspects and the importance of theory maturation. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 62:397-409.
Lord, W. D. and J. F. Berger. 1984a. Arthropods associated with harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) carcasses stranded on islands along the New England coast. International Journal of Entomology, 26:282-285.
Lord, W. D. and J. F. Berger. 1984b. Arthropods associated with Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) and Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) carrion on islands in the Gulf of Maine. Environmental Entomology, 13:1261-1268.
Lugo, A. E., E. G. Farnworth, D. Pool, P. Jerez and G. Kaufman. 1973. The impact of the leaf cutter ant Atta colombica on the energy flow of a tropical wet forest. Ecology, 54:1292-1301.
Mack, R. N. and J. N. Thompson. 1982. Evolution in steppe with a few large, hooved mammals. American Naturalist, 119:757-773.
Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. x + 179 pp.
Martin, P. S. 1966. Africa and Pleistocene overkill. Nature, 212:339-342.
Martin. P. S. 1973. The discovery of America. Science, 179:969-974.
Mattson, W. J. and N. D. Addy. 1975. Phytophagous insects as regulators of forest primary production. Science, 190:515-522.
Mattson, D. J., B. M. Blanchard and R. R. Knight. 1991. Food habits of Yellowstone grizzly bears, 1977-1987. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69:1619-1629.
McClaugherty, C. A., J. Pastor and J. D. Aber. 1985. Forest litter decomposition in relation to soil nitrogen dynamics and litter quality. Ecology, 66:266-275.
McKinnerney, M. R. R. 1977. Carrion communities in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Unpublished M.S. thesis, The University of Texas at El Paso, vi + 94 pp.
McKinnerney, M. R. R. 1978. Carrion communities in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. The Southwestern Naturalist, 23:563-576.
McNaughton, S. J. 1976. Serengeti migratory wildebeest: Facilitation of energy flow by grazing. Science, 191:92-94.
McNaughton, S. J. 1978. Serengeti ungulates: Feeding selectivity influences the effectivness of plant defense guilds. Science, 199:806-807.
McNaughton, S. J. 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: The Serengeti. Ecological Monographs, 55:259-294.
Megnin, P. 1894. La fauna des cadavres. Application de l'entomologie a la medecine legale. IN: Masson, G. (ed.) Encyclopedia scientifique des aides-memoire. Masson et, Gauthier-Villars, Paris. (seen reference only)
Meyer, J. L. and E. T. Schultz. 1985. Migrating haemulid fishes as a source of nutrients and organic matter on coral reefs. Limnology and Oceanography, 30:146-156.
Milchunas, D. G., O. E. Sala and W. K. Lauenroth. 1988. A generalized model of the effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure. American Naturalist, 132:87-106.
Minshall, G. W., E. Hitchcock and J. R. Barnes. 1991. Decomposition of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) carcasses in a forest stream ecosystem inhabited only be nonanadromous fish populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 48:191-195.
Moore, I. and E. F. Legner. 1979. An Illustrated Guide to the Genera of the Staphylinidae of America North of Mexico Exclusive of the Aleocharinae (Coleoptera). University of California Agricultural Sciences Publication No. 4093.
Morisita, M. 1959. Measuring of interspecific association and similarity between communities. Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ., Ser. E. Bio., 3:65-80. (seen reference only)
Morris, R. C. 1928. On 'natural deaths' in wild elephants. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 32:794-795. (seen reference only)
Motter, M. G. 1898. A contribution to the study of the fauna of the grave. A study of one-hundred and fifty disinterments, with some additional experimental observations. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 6:201-231.
Norrbom, A. L. 1983. Four acalypterate Diptera reared from dead horshoe crabs. Entomological News, 94:117-121.
Odum, H. T. 1957. Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida. Ecological Monographs, 27:55-112.
Odum, E. P., C. E. Connell, and L. B. Davenport. 1962. Population energy flow of three primary consumer components of old-field ecosystems. Ecology, 43:88-96.
Olson, J. S. 1963. Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems. Ecology, 44:322-331.
Palmer, M. W. 1990. The estimation of species richness by extrapolation. Ecology, 71:1195-1198.
Palmer, M. W. 1991. Estimating species richness: the second order jackknife reconsidered. Ecology, 72:1512-1513.
Parmenter, R. R. and V. A. Lamarra. 1991. Nutrient cycling in a freshwater marsh: The decomposition of fish and waterfowl carrion. Limnology and Oceanography, 36:976-987.
Parmenter, R. R. (in prep). Carrion decomposition and nutrient cycling in a shrub-steppe ecosystem.
Payne, J. A. 1965. A summer carrion study of the baby pig Sus scrofa Linnaeus. Ecology, 46:592-602.
Payne, J. A., E. W. King and G. Beinhart. 1968. Arthropod succession and decomposition of buried pigs. Nature, 219:1180-1181.
Payne, J. A. and E. W. King. 1969. Lepidoptera associated with pig carrion. Journal of the Lepidopterist's Society, 23:191-195.
Peck, S. B. and A. Forsyth. 1982. Composition structure, and competitive behavior in a guild of Ecuadorian rain forest dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60:1624-1634.
Peck, S. B. and M. M. Kaulbars. 1987. A synopsis of the distribution and bionomics of the carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of the conterminous United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 188:47-81.
Preston, F. W. 1948. The commonness, and rarity, of species. Ecology, 29:254-283.
Price, P. W. 1984. Insect Ecology (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience Publication. xv + 607 pp.
Prior, K. A. and P. J. Weatherhead. 1991. Competition at the carcass: Opportunities for social foraging by turkey vultures in southern Ontario (Canada). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69:1550-1556.
Putman, R. J. 1978a. The role of carrion-frequenting arthropods in the decay process. Ecological Entomology, 3:133-139.
Putman, R. J. 1978b. Patterns of carbon dioxide evolution from decaying carrion: Decomposition of small mammal carrion in temperate systems 1. Oikos, 31:47-57.
Putman, R. J. 1978c. Flow of energy and organic matter from a carcase during decomposition: Decomposition of small mammal carrion in temperate systems 2. Oikos, 31:58-68.
Putman, R. J. 1983. Carrion and Dung: The Decomposition of Animal Wastes. Edward Arnold, London.
Quinn, J. F. and A. E. Dunham. 1983. On hypothesis testing in ecology and evolution. The American Naturalist, 122:602-617.
Ratcliffe, B. C. 1991. The Scarab Beetles of Nebraska. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, vol. 12.
Reed, H. B., Jr. 1958. A study of dog carcass communities in tennessee, with special reference to the insects. The American Midland Naturalist, 59:213-402.
Richardson, P. R. K. 1980. The natural removal of ungulate carcasses, and the adaptive features of the scavengers involved. Unpublished MS thesis, University of Pretoria. xviii + 222 pp.
Richey, J. E., M. A. Perkins and C. R. Goldman. 1975. Effects of kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) decomposition on the ecology of a sub-alpine stream. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 32:817-820.
Rohde, K. 1978a. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. I. A review of the hypotheses explaining the gradients. Biol. Zentralbl., 94:393-403. (seen reference only)
Rohde, K. 1978b. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. II. Marine parasitological evidence for a time hypotheses. Biol. Zentralbl., 97:405-418. (seen reference only)
Romme, W. H. and D. H. Knight. 1982. Landscape diversity: The concept applied to Yellowstone Park. BioScience, 32:664-670.
Ruess, R. W. and S. J. McNaughton. 1987. Grazing and the dynamics of nutrient and energy regulated microbial processes in the Serengeti grasslands. Oikos, 49:101-110.
Ruess, R. W. and S. W. Seagle. 1994. Landscape patterns in soil microbial processes in the Serengeti National park, Tanzania. Ecology, 75:892-904.
Rustad, L. E. 1994. Elemental dynamics along a decay continuum in a Red Spruce ecosystem in Maine, USA. Ecology, 75:867-879.
Sanders, H. L. 1968. Marine benthic diversity: A comparative study. American Naturalist, 102:243-282.
Sanders, H. L. 1969. Benthic marine diversity and the stability-time hypothesis. IN G. M. Woodwell and H. H. Smith (eds.) Diversity and stability in ecological systems. Brookhaven Symposium in Biology, No. 22. (seen reference only)
Samuel, W. M., D. A. Welch and B. L. Smith. 1991. Ectoparasites from elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) from Wyoming. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 27:451-466.
Schoenly, K. 1983. Microclimate and diel activities of certain carrion arthropods in the Chihuahuan Desert. New York Entomological Society, 91:342-347.
Schoenly, K. and W. Reid. 1983. Community structure of carrion arthropods in the Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 6:253-263.
Schoenly, K. and W. Reid. 1987. Dynamics of heterotrophic succession in carrion arthropod assemblages: discrete seres or a continuum of change? Oecologia, 73:192-202.
Schoenly, K. 1991. Food web structure in dung and carrion arthropod assemblages, null models and Monte Carlo simulations: Applications to medical/veterinary entomology. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 8:227-249.
Schoenly, K. 1992. A statistical analysis of successional patterns in carrion-arthropod assemblages: Implications for forensic entomology and determination of the postmortem interval. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 37:1489-1513.
Scott, M. P. 1990. Brood guarding and the evolution of male parental care in burying beetles. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 26:31-39.
Seagle, S. W. and S. J. McNaughton. 1992. Spatial variation in forage nutrient concentrations and the distribution of Serengeti grazing ungulates. Landscape Ecology, 7:229-241.
Seastedt, T. R., L. Mameli and K. Gridley. 1981. Arthropod use of invertebrate carrion. The American Midland Naturalist, 105:124-129.
Shubeck, P. P., N. M. Downie, R. L. Wenzel, S. B. Peck. 1981. Species composition and seasonal abundance of carrion beetles in an oak-beech forest in the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (N.J.). Entomological News, 92:7-16.
Simberloff, D. 1983. Competition theory, hypothesis testing and other community ecological buzzwords. American Naturalist, 122:626-635.
Singer, F. (ed.) 1988. First annual meeting of research and monitoring on Yellowstone's Northern Range. Published by: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Wyoming.
Singer, F. (ed.) 1989. Second annual meeting of research and monitoring on Yellowstone's Northern Range. Published by: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Wyoming.
Slocomb, J. and K. L. Dickson. 1978. Estimating the total number of species in a biological community. IN: Dickson, K. L., J. Cairnes Jr. and R. J. Livingston (eds.). Biological Data in Water Pollution Assessment: Quantitative and Statistical Analyses. American Society for testing and materials, Philadelphia, PA, 38-52 pp. (seen reference only)
Smetana, A. 1978. Revision of the subfamily Sphaeridiinae of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, No. 105.
Smith, B. 1986. Evaluation of different similarity indices applied to data from the Rothamsted insect survey. Unpublished MS Thesis, University of New York. (seen reference only)
Smith, C. R., H. Kukert, R. A. Wheatcroft, P. A. Jumars, J. W. Demming. 1989. Vent fauna on whale remains. Nature, 341:27-28.
Southwood, T. R. E. 1966. Ecological Methods. Metheun and Co., London. 391 pp. (seen reference only)
Southwood, T. R. E. 1978. Ecological Methods, Chapman and Hall, London. (seen reference only)
Stewart-Oaten, A., W. Murdoch, and K. R. Parker. 1986. Environmental impact assessment: "Pseudoreplication" in time? Ecology, 67:929-940.
Strong, D. R. Jr. 1980. Null hypotheses in ecology. Synthese, 43:271-285.
Strong, D. R. Jr. 1983. Natural variability and the manifold mechanisms of ecological communities. American Naturalist, 122:636-660.
Sugihara, G. 1980. Minimal community structure: An explanation of species abundance patterns. American Naturalist, 116:770-787.
Taylor, L. R. 1978. Bates, Williams, Hutchinson - a variety of diversities. IN Diversity of Insect Fauanas: 9th Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society (eds L.A. Mound and N. Warloff), Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 1-18. (seen reference only)
Terron, R. A., S. Anduaga and M. A. Moron. 1991. Analysis of the necrophilous Coleoptera of the "La Michilia" Biosphere Reserve, Durango, Mexico. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, no. 81: 315-324.
Vaurie, P. 1955. A revision of the genus Trox in North America (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 106.
Vitousek, P. M., D. R. Turner, W. J. Parton and R. L. Sanford. 1994. Litter decomposition on the Mauna Loa Environmental Matrix, Hawai'i: Patterns, mechanisms and models. Ecology, 75:418-429.
Vogel, B. 1989. Invertebrates, Introduction. IN: Clark, T. W., A. H. Harvey, R. D. Dorn, D. L. Genter and C. Groves, (eds.). 1989. Rare, sensitive, and threatened species of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative, Montana Natural Heritage Program, The Nature Conservancey and Mountain West Environmental Services.
Walker, T. W. Jr. 1957. Ecological studies of the arthropods associated with certain decaying materials in four habitats. Ecology, 38:262-276.
Warner, R. E. and F. B. Negley. 1976. The genus Otiorhynchus in America North of Mexico (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 78:240-262.
Webb, S. D. 1983. The rise and fall of the late Miocene ungulate fauna in North America. IN M. H. Nitecki, ed. Coevolution. University Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
White, R. E. 1963. Beetles of North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts, xii + 368 pp.
Whitlock, C. 1993. Postglacial vegetation and climate of Grand Teton and Southern Yellowstone National Parks. Ecological Monographs, 63:173-198.
Wiegert, R. G. and F. C. Evans. 1967. Investigations of secondary productivity in grasslands. IN: K. Petrusewicz (ed.) Secondary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Inst. Ecol. Polish Acad. Sci., Warsaw, pp. 499-518. (seen reference only)
Wilson, E. O. 1987. The little things that run the world (The importance and conservation of Invertebrates). Conservation Biology, 1:344-346.
Wilson, E. O. ed. 1988. Biodiversity. National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington. [check ref]
Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 424 pp.
Wilson, J. W. 1974. Analytical zoogeography of North American mammals. Evolution, 28:124-140.
Wolda, H. 1981. Similarity indices, sample size and diversity. Oecologia, 50:296-302.
Wolda, H. 1983. Diversity, diversity indices and tropical cockroaches. Oecologia, 58:290-298.
Young, T. P. 1994. Natural die-offs of large mammals: Implications for conservation. Conservation Biology, 8:410-418
Yovanovitch, P. 1888. Entomologie appliquee a la medecine legale. Ollier-Henry, Paris. (seen reference only)